Wired I/O Controllers
Industrial Ethernet I/O Modules (e.g., PROFINET, EtherCAT, Modbus TCP)
Serial Communication I/O (e.g., RS-485/RS-232, Modbus RTU)
Fieldbus I/O Modules (e.g., PROFIBUS, DeviceNet, CANopen)
Wireless I/O Controllers
LoRa/Wi-Fi/NB-IoT I/O Controllers (for remote monitoring)
Wireless HART/Zigbee I/O Modules (for sensor networks)